Temperature Converter - Convert Between Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin & More
Convert temperatures between Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, Rankine, and other scales instantly. Includes formulas, reference points, and comprehensive temperature scale information.
Common Temperature Presets
Common Scales
Historical Scales
- • Cold temperature: Refrigeration range, food preservation.
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Essential Tool: Temperature conversion is fundamental in science, cooking, weather, and international communication. Master the relationships between scales for accurate measurements.
Understanding Temperature Scales
Temperature scales measure thermal energy using different reference points and increments. The three primary scales—Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin—each serve specific purposes in science, industry, and daily life. Understanding their relationships enables accurate conversion between systems used worldwide. Learn about conversion formulas and explore key reference points that define each scale.
🌡️ Celsius Scale
🇺🇸 Fahrenheit Scale
🔬 Kelvin Scale
📐 Scale Relationships
Temperature Conversion Formulas
Accurate temperature conversion requires understanding the mathematical relationships between scales. These formulas account for different zero points and increment sizes. Master these core conversions for practical applications and avoid common conversion errors.
Celsius to Fahrenheit: °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32 - Multiply by 1.8 and add 32 to adjust for different zero points.
Fahrenheit to Celsius: °C = (°F - 32) × 5/9 - Subtract 32 first, then multiply by 0.556 to convert scale.
Celsius to Kelvin: K = °C + 273.15 - Simple addition since scales have same increment size.
Kelvin to Celsius: °C = K - 273.15 - Subtract to shift from absolute zero to water's freezing point.
Fahrenheit to Kelvin: K = (°F - 32) × 5/9 + 273.15 - Convert to Celsius first, then to Kelvin.
🔄 Quick Conversion Reference
Common Temperature Scales in Detail
Each temperature scale was developed for specific purposes and reflects different approaches to measuring thermal energy. Understanding their origins, uses, and characteristics helps choose the appropriate scale for your application. Compare with historical scales and see scientific applications for specialized uses.
°C Celsius (Centigrade)
- Developed by Anders Celsius in 1742
- Based on water properties at sea level
- 0°C = water freezing point
- 100°C = water boiling point
- 100 equal divisions between
- Scientific standard worldwide
- Daily use in most countries
- Weather reporting globally (except US)
- Medical and laboratory work
°F Fahrenheit
- Created by Daniel Fahrenheit in 1724
- Originally based on brine solution
- 32°F = water freezing point
- 212°F = water boiling point
- 180 divisions between key points
- Primary scale in United States
- US weather and cooking
- Some Caribbean nations
- Industrial applications in US
🔬 Scientific Temperature Scales
Key Temperature Reference Points
Understanding common reference points helps visualize temperature relationships and makes mental conversions easier. These benchmarks span from theoretical limits to everyday experiences, providing context for temperature values across all scales. Use these for quick estimates and to verify conversion calculations.
🌡️ Universal Reference Points
Everyday Temperature References
Common temperatures encountered in daily life provide practical reference points for understanding scale relationships. These familiar temperatures help develop intuition for conversion and scale comparison. See how these relate to practical applications in various fields.
Human & Biological
- • Body temperature: 37°C (98.6°F)
- • Fever threshold: 38°C (100.4°F)
- • Hypothermia risk: <35°C (<95°F)
- • Comfortable room: 20-22°C (68-72°F)
Weather & Climate
- • Hot summer day: 30-35°C (86-95°F)
- • Pleasant spring: 18-24°C (64-75°F)
- • Cold winter: -5 to 5°C (23-41°F)
- • Arctic cold: <-40°C/°F (scales meet)
Cooking & Industrial Temperatures
Cooking and industrial processes require precise temperature control, making conversion accuracy critical. Different regions use different scales, requiring cooks and engineers to master conversions. Understanding these temperatures ensures safety and quality in food preparation and manufacturing processes.
Common Cooking Temperatures
Scientific Applications of Temperature Scales
Different scientific fields prefer specific temperature scales based on their requirements. Kelvin dominates physics and chemistry for its absolute nature, while Celsius serves biological sciences. Understanding when and why to use each scale ensures accurate scientific communication and calculation. Explore historical developments that led to modern scientific standards.
🔬 Physics & Chemistry
- Kelvin: Thermodynamics calculations
- Gas Laws: Absolute temperature required
- Phase Transitions: Critical temperatures
- Quantum Effects: Near absolute zero
🧬 Biology & Medicine
- Celsius: Standard for life sciences
- Body Temperature: Medical diagnostics
- Incubation: Cell culture conditions
- Storage: Vaccine cold chains
⚙️ Engineering
- Mixed Scales: Industry dependent
- Rankine: US thermodynamic cycles
- Materials: Melting/boiling points
- HVAC: Climate control systems
🌡️ Extreme Temperature Applications
Historical Temperature Scales
Before standardization on Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin, numerous temperature scales existed for specific regions and applications. While rarely used today, these scales appear in historical documents and some specialized fields. Understanding them provides context for temperature measurement evolution and helps interpret historical scientific literature.
📜 Réaumur Scale (°Ré)
📐 Newton Scale (°N)
🌡️ Delisle Scale (°De)
🔧 Rømer Scale (°Rø)
Practical Uses and Applications
Temperature conversion skills apply across numerous fields and daily situations. From international travel to scientific research, accurate conversion ensures effective communication and prevents costly errors. Master these applications to work confidently across different measurement systems. Learn conversion tips for quick mental calculations.
🌍 Real-World Applications
🏠 Home & Daily Life
- Cooking: Oven temperature conversion for recipes
- Weather: Understanding foreign weather reports
- Health: Body temperature in different units
- HVAC: Thermostat settings and comfort
💼 Professional Fields
- Science: Lab work and research papers
- Engineering: Technical specifications
- Medicine: Patient care and diagnostics
- Manufacturing: Quality control processes
Quick Conversion Tips and Tricks
Mental math shortcuts and approximations make temperature conversion faster in everyday situations. While not perfectly accurate, these methods provide quick estimates sufficient for most non-critical applications. For precision work, always use exact formulas or our calculator to avoid calculation errors.
💡 Mental Math Shortcuts
✅ Exact Conversions
🚀 Quick Estimates
📏 Reference Points
Common Temperature Conversion Mistakes
Avoiding common errors ensures accurate temperature conversion and prevents potentially dangerous mistakes in cooking, medicine, or industrial applications. These mistakes often stem from formula confusion or calculation shortcuts that sacrifice too much accuracy.
❌ Common Errors
✅ Best Practices
Critical Safety Considerations
Accurate temperature conversion becomes critical when dealing with health, food safety, and industrial processes where errors can lead to serious consequences. Understanding which conversions require extra precision helps prevent dangerous mistakes that could affect safety, product quality, or equipment operation. Always use exact calculations rather than approximations for these applications.
⚠️ Safety-Critical Conversions
🛡️ Safety Guidelines
The Physics Behind Temperature
Temperature fundamentally measures the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. As particles move faster, temperature increases; as they slow, temperature decreases. Absolute zero represents the theoretical point where all molecular motion ceases, making it physically impossible to achieve lower temperatures. This understanding led to the development of absolute temperature scales like Kelvin and Rankine.
Different materials respond to temperature changes uniquely through thermal expansion, phase transitions, and heat capacity. Water's unusual properties—expanding when freezing and having high specific heat—made it the natural choice for defining temperature scales. Modern applications from superconductivity to plasma physics rely on precise temperature measurement and conversion across scales, highlighting the continued importance of understanding temperature relationships in advancing science and technology.
Essential Temperature Conversion Takeaways
Master the three primary scales—Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin—and their conversion formulas. Core formulas include °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32 and K = °C + 273.15. Our calculator handles all conversions instantly with adjustable precision for any application from cooking to scientific research.
Remember key reference points: water freezes at 0°C/32°F, boils at 100°C/212°F, and absolute zero sits at -273.15°C. Room temperature approximates 20°C/68°F, while body temperature measures 37°C/98.6°F. The unique -40° point where Celsius and Fahrenheit scales intersect provides a useful mental anchor.
Apply appropriate scales for different practical applications: Celsius for global science and daily use, Fahrenheit for US applications, and Kelvin for thermodynamics. Historical scales like Réaumur and Rankine appear in specialized contexts and older literature.
Avoid common conversion errors by following proper order of operations and using exact formulas for critical applications. Quick mental math works for estimates: double Celsius and add 30 for approximate Fahrenheit. Always verify safety-critical conversions in medical, food safety, and industrial applications using precise calculations.